Bipolar index: (right - left) / (right + left); range -1 (left) to +1 (right)
Combined seat share of centre/liberal groups (ALDE, RE)
Combined seat share of far-right/eurosceptic groups (ID, PfE, ESN, etc.)
Combined seat share of left-wing groups (S&D, GUE/NGL, Greens/EFA)
Three-axis political compass analysis (economic × social × EU integration)
Combined seat share of centre-right + right groups (EPP, ECR, UEN, far-right)
Combined political balance analysis: 1D blocs + 2D compass + EU axis.